I did get a chance to physically hold a Pedersoli Blue Ridge in a 50 caliber, flintlock, this past Saturday. It was a very used one, at a local gun shop and priced within $70 of a new one. My second choice would be a Lyman Great Plains rifle, in a 50 caliber, percussion....but I'd prefer the long rifle.It is nice and small and reasonably easy to make. The pattern is drawn on 1" squares. The area above the "dot-dash" to the "dash-dash" can be used in one of two ways. 1) folded under and sewn or 2) separate piece from thinner leather and folded as an edging as can be seen in the first photo.Hi, I will occasionally post photos and descriptions of my work on a Chambers Little Fella's rifle kit I am building for Rifleman1776. Frank wants a small light rifle and this kit should fill the bill. Despite building >60 muzzleloaders over the years, I've only built one kit gun. That was a Navy Arms 1863 Springfield musket.Jan 2, 2020. #1. Hi Guys, A friend asked me to look at the barrel on his India-made Ketland officer's fusil. The barrel and gun were made by Abdul Hakim Usta in 1979. The bolster on the breech plug is very small and it appears to have a flange around it that caps the end of the barrel. The internal plug also has an end that seems to be …Smoothbore | The Muzzleloading Forum. This community needs YOUR help today. We rely 100% on Supporting Memberships to fund our efforts. With the ever increasing fees of everything, we need help. We need more Supporting Members, today. Please invest back into this community. I will ship a few decals too in addition to all the account perks you get.Thousands of protesters have taken to the streets of Congo's capital city, Brazzaville. At least three people have been killed during protests against a constitutional referendum t...Fred Olsen Cruise Lines on Sunday said its 929-passenger Braemar was at anchor about 25 miles off the coast of Freeport, Bahamas, while diplomatic efforts involving the U.K. govern...Sometimes, in the field, the ramrod isn't stuck that bad and you can make a little jig out of metal plate with a 3/8" hole (if that is the diameter of your ramrod). This little plate can be about 3/4" wide, 3" long, 1/8" thick and the hole at one end. You slip this over the ramrod and lift up the long end.1,303. Location. Vermont. Apr 7, 2024. #1. One of the things I find so intriguing/ adicting about muzzleloader shooting is how critical each shot is. With unmentionables when you miss its its easy to rip off rappid fire makeup shots. With the muzzel loader when you miss its a done deal. I find this especially obvious when shooting steel.A 54 cal 66 twist FL pistol with 60 gr of FFF will shoot well enough to hit the kill zone of a deer to at least 50 yards and this is as far as ANYONE should be shooting at unwounded game with a FL pistol. It would will also hit a grouse's head/neck at 10-20 yards.Weighs just over 8lbs, so it's quite handy for a double barrel gun. Barrel swivel detents are nice and solid. Seems in decent shape overall. These are fairly uncommon so if you're thinking about playing with a swivel breech this is about as affordable as it gets. $550 Shipping Included. Last edited: Oct 24, 2021.26. Location. Woodlands of Northern New England. Jan 4, 2006. #4. No disrespect intended to Stumpkiller, I'm very big into target shooting and competitive shoots. While target shooting i've had many people come over to watch me with a muzzleloader,try mine and then get into muzzleloading at our club shoots.I've never shot one of those .58 cal rifles before. Well, first, the Buffalo Hunter's not a musket nor an accurate copy of any military-issued firearm that I know of. Short barrel, crude sights, etc. It was a creation of Val Forget of Navy Arms to fill a market niche and precision target shooting at long range was not "it".Reaction score. 5,030. Location. Winchester, VA. Mar 1, 2020. #2. "CMC Single Shot Replica Percussion .44 Caliber Pistol. This was made in the 1970s under license for the Colt Manufacturing Company. (They are marked “CMC”)" From a listing on Guns International.com. " CMC SINGLE SHOT REPLICA PERCUSSION PISTOL.Tyrone , Pa. 16686. Apr 6, 2024. #13,588. Sorta good news for a friend today. Been trying to clean the rust out of his neglected Spanish made longrifle barrel. Started soaking , and polishing , and soaking and polishing the bore w/ 00 steel wool on a bronze bore brush using Clenzoil penetrating oil spray.Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us.Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us.The dovetails on a CVA Hawken are metric (don't know the exact size) smaller than the 3/8 sights most suppliers have. I bought the 3/8 and with a little judicious filing on them they fit the CVA dovetails. I didn't want to enlarge the dovetails in case I went back to the stock sights. The front & rear are the same size.Nov 16, 2018 · The first one he did last summer. It was a roached 50 cal that he re-bored to 54 1:28 twist for PP bullets. The second one I just got back on Friday. 2 week turn around. It was 50 cal with a frosted bore that he re bored to 54 cal 1:60 twist with .012 deep rifling for patched RB. Almost perfect. Started life as a CVA . Beautiful deep blue. Custom built. Perfect bore. Nipple and clean out screw unscrew easily and are not damaged. Trigger is light and crisp. Very accurate. One of a kind. $300 shipped and insured to your door. Open to all trades including U.S. coins.In other words, a tablespoon of stain to a tablespoon of alcohol. With this thinned stain, use a small, fine hair paint brush about 3/4" to 1" wide and paint the stain onto the wood. Apply the stain "with the grain". Try not to overlap the strokes but also try no cover all of the wood so there are no unstained places.216. Mar 11, 2022. #1. Hello all. Thought maybe I would share a few pictures of an Underhammer that I've been working on this past winter. The gun was finished basically to in "the white" by my gunsmith. The barrel is a 32" GM LRH 50 cal 1-28 twist. The action is from Taylor Machine.Andover, VT. Apr 28, 2021. #4. Chunk gun shooting goes way back before the mid 1900s. Our ML club has a barrel dating to the Civil War era that has been re-breeched, re-stocked, and rifling re-cut many times. All the flats have multiple dovetails on them as it’s had under lugs and sights at every position possible.Jan 23, 2022 · Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us. Jul 23, 2023. #5. I have a Pedersoli Kentucky in .50cal with both the flint lock and percussion lock. Though a nicely made rifle and straight shooter it is defiantly my most disliked Muzzleloading rifle due to the heavy trigger and rather poor preforming lock. I would not buy another single trigger only, though would if it had the double set ...I got it home and it was a .50 cal.,, CVA frontier in great shape with a ball stuck about 3 inches from the breech. I pulled the nipple and clean out screw and pushed the ball closer to the breech. There was no powder under it so I dribbled in about 20 grains of 3f and replaced the screw and nipple. Of course I was out of #11 caps so I used a ...Aug 14, 2012 · Reaction score. 45. Dec 19, 2012. #15. Your rifle is indeed one of Navy Arm's Hawken "Hunter" in .58 caliber. The guns had a 1:60" twist, with a shallow .003" to .005" depth, and were specifically built to take big powder charges. Kevin Houlihan said: There’s a ton of room for the rear lock bolt. The bolt will screw into the bolster to the rear of the screw that attaches the bolster to the plate. Next drill your front lock bolt so it will screw into the lock plate in front of the main spring. Be sure to miss the barrel and the ramrod groove.Stack all that over FFFG black powder. Start your charges around 45-50 grains of powder. Increase the charge 5 grains at a time until you find what the rifle likes. Consider getting a range rod for loading, use the short starter you have shown in the photo. Flintlock Rifles | The Muzzleloading Forum. This community needs YOUR help today. We rely 100% on Supporting Memberships to fund our efforts. With the ever increasing fees of everything, we need help. We need more Supporting Members, today. Please invest back into this community. I will ship a few decals too in addition to all the account perks ... Sep 4, 2022. #5. I got two Tradition Deer Hunters, both in .50 caliber. 60 grains (Pyro P or Real Black 3fff) has been my standard load for decades, using a PRB or the Buffalo Ball-et, which I have a good supply of. Both those loads impact the same place in my guns, as does the T/C 270 gr. Maxi Hunter.Reaction score. 54. Oct 5, 2023. #1. I have a number of Muzzleloader magazines I'd like to get rid of. Seventeen total, from 1991 to 2017. All are in good condition; most are in excellent condition. Price is $50 for the lot, and I'll pay shipping. If I have some extra room in the box, I'll include some other publications.Oct 19, 2023. #3. 4' stick of 4" SCH-40 PVC with a strip of something wrapped around it like a barber pole. Pull it through a plywood plate with a hole and notch guide cut in it. Couple 2x4s, some screws, a small stick of round bar, some clamps, and a cutter head that I'll machine.The wad serves three purposes. 1) Protects the base of the conical from powder flash which can melt or otherwise deform the base of the conical. This can result in increased leading and reduced accuracy if the base of the conical is melted or deformed. 2) Increased gas-check/sealing.Join the discussion on sidelock muzzleloading rifles and shotguns, a type of muzzleloading firearm with a hinged barrel. Find topics on ballistics, reloading, shooting, and more.Hunt Talk is a website for hunting enthusiasts to share tips, stories, and questions. The Muzzleloaders forum is a section for discussing muzzleloader equipment, loads, and hunting experiences. However, it does not match the query muzzleloadingforum.com, which is a different website.Put the breech in a bucket of water. Add some soap to aid cleaning especially if you use an oil or greasy patch lubricant. There is a screw in the side of the drum that can be removed to do the flash channel cleaning suggested by @tenngun. I'm not going to improve on the rest of tenngun's suggestions.33,410. Reaction score. 8,508. Location. Phoenix, AZ. Feb 26, 2019. #2. A company that called itself Ultra-Hi tried getting into the black powder muzzleloading game back in the 1970's by importing low cost guns. I'm …It is nice and small and reasonably easy to make. The pattern is drawn on 1" squares. The area above the "dot-dash" to the "dash-dash" can be used in one of two ways. 1) folded under and sewn or 2) separate piece from thinner leather and folded as an edging as can be seen in the first photo.Jan 25, 2024. #8. I have two Pedersoli SXS shotguns - one 12 gauge and one 10 gauge and one Navy Arms 12 gauge made by Pietta. All of them are from the late 70's to the mid 80's. The 10 gauge has very good triggers so does the Navy Arms Pietta. The Pedersoli 12 gauge not so good.Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us.Shoot loose is the term for the frame lengthening in the thin area above the cylinder when speaking of a Remington style gun. For a Colt style it means the cylinder pin that holds the barrel to the frame tends to pull out of the rear frame with heavy loads. Dixie Gun recommends the following loads for the .36 cal:May 14, 2014. #12. The Italian guns are, in general, very good quality; more-so than the Spanish creations. The barrels, though, on both are as about as good as they get on a factory gun. The weak link seems to be the flint locks they come with (both makers). they are mostly good/very good but are often very, very bad.First, @TrippyMcGuire556 should remove the nipples. Apply Kroil or a mix of acetone and automatic transmission fluid to penetrate the rust. Use a sturdy nipple wrench and tap the end while turning to loosen the nipple. Second, insert a zerk fitting on the nipple seat and use a grease gun to remove the slug.Smokeless Muzzleloading. Post thread. Loads, tips, and shooting for the Savage muzzleloader, SMI smokeless and other muzzleloaders approved for smokeless …Jan 14, 2007 · Location. Andover, VT. Aug 25, 2012. #2. Nitric acid is technically aquafortis, for sure, but the solution folks use to stain rifles is saturated with iron. Make the 10% or up to 25% solution, add iron shavings or small nails, let it cook uncovered until it is done consuming iron. Filter through a coffee filter, etc, and use this to stain maple. The bullet is a 507 grain, with a single wrap 20# paper patch. The bullet goes down with a small amount of pressure, but not very much. I was shooting at 100 yards with the first shot 2" from the group with the other 4 shots being in a 1 1/4" group. This is the very best I have been able to shoot with this gun.Aug 14, 2012 · Reaction score. 45. Dec 19, 2012. #15. Your rifle is indeed one of Navy Arm's Hawken "Hunter" in .58 caliber. The guns had a 1:60" twist, with a shallow .003" to .005" depth, and were specifically built to take big powder charges. Dec 8, 2018. #1. I am relatively new to ML. With the older eyes I changed the iron sights on the Lyman Great Plains rifle to the Lyman fiber optic sights. The rear hi vis green are ok but the front red is no better than the old iron sight. Was wondering if possible to take out the red fiber optic rod and replace with a green hi vis rod piece.Tyrone , Pa. 16686. Apr 6, 2024. #13,588. Sorta good news for a friend today. Been trying to clean the rust out of his neglected Spanish made longrifle barrel. Started soaking , and polishing , and soaking and polishing the bore w/ 00 steel wool on a bronze bore brush using Clenzoil penetrating oil spray.Desktop email clients like Sparrow and Postbox seem like they're breathing new life into desktop email, but I'd also heard that Thunderbird is going into "maintena...Hi I just received payment for the Thompson Center New Englander rifle and I will be shipping it on Tuesday The trigger is not adjustable, it has a 1 in 48" twist, and I do not know the trigger pull. One of the pictures show my identification. I may be listing a second New Englander 50 caliber next week and also a Investarm in a 50 caliber with a set trigger.At least for now, he'll self-isolate at home. On Nov. 1, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the director general of the World Health Organization (WHO), announced that he had come into co...Investarms Hawkens are great rifles, well built and accurate. My first muzzleloader ever (bought in 1977) was a Charles Daly (Investarms) .54 Hawken, still have it, still shoots great. Added several more since then, never have had a problem or breakage. Not authentic to any original design, but super guns for the money.The wad serves three purposes. 1) Protects the base of the conical from powder flash which can melt or otherwise deform the base of the conical. This can result in increased leading and reduced accuracy if the base of the conical is melted or deformed. 2) Increased gas-check/sealing.Reaction score. 45. Dec 19, 2012. #15. Your rifle is indeed one of Navy Arm's Hawken "Hunter" in .58 caliber. The guns had a 1:60" twist, with a shallow .003" to .005" depth, and were specifically built to take big powder charges.Flintlock Rifles | The Muzzleloading Forum. This community needs YOUR help today. We rely 100% on Supporting Memberships to fund our efforts. With the ever increasing fees of everything, we need help. We need more Supporting Members, today. Please invest back into this community. I will ship a few decals too in addition to all the account perks ... The Craftsman. Muzzleloading related things you've made or have questions about making - Knives, Tomahawks, Horns, Clothing, Bags, etc. Traditional Only - no modern designs. Do not post items unrelated to Muzzleloading. This is not a "general craft" category. Help Support Muzzleloading Forum: This site may earn a commission from merchant affiliate links, including eBay, Amazon, and others.32 Cal. A twist rate of 1 in 48 is considered a general compromise, supposedly capable of accurately throwing either a patched roundball or a conical projectile. Doesn't matter if the caliber is .32 or .62. However, like most "generalists", this twist rate probably is not the best for either roundball or conical.What it looks like, does matter. There are some Yazel pistols that fit the forums idea of what is traditional so, if they look like the pistols that were used in 1866 or earlier, they are allowed. There are many Yazel pistols that look like a cross between a traditional sidelock or underhammer gun and a modern Colt 1911 or a High Standard ...i have a Green Mountain .40 caliber drop in barrel for a TC Hawken or Renagade 1 inch frame. barrel is MINT i do not have a bore light but can look with flashlight and see it is very crisp and clean. length is 33 inches and fits both Hawken and Renegade frame. asking $350 shipped will include new syn ram rod. always up for a good trade.Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us.In the cannon you show the breech block is inserted making it a complete gun. The breech block is loaded from the muzzle end. A Ferguson is a good example as a breech loader the ball is inserted into the breech then the powder. This is like a modern cartridge gun as the cartridge does not contain the weapons breech (different than the cannon ...May 15, 2003 · 1. Jan 19, 2009. #2. While the patent breech is an old design, the hook-breech is not. Today the hook-breech is used mainly on halfstock rifles and shotguns so the barrels can be quickly removed. When you have a fullstock rifle there will be very few times when you want to remove the barrel. Jul 12, 2023 · Reaction score. 56. Location. New York. Jul 12, 2023. #1. Picked up a traditions .54 cal blunderbuss kit 6 months ago as my first smokepole and have had a great time developing loads. You'd be surprised how good some of the patterns are. These would likely work in another .54 smoothie or 28 gauge. Oct 30, 2022. #1. I am part way through putting my Traditions Hawken kit together, and what might be typical, there are a lot of problems. Biggest besides a general lack of consistency is the lock. Fixed a problem tonight where one of the screws was pulling the entire thing in too far due to lack of support. Installed a brass tube to draw down ...Nov 26, 2005 · The photos below show one of the famous mahogany stocked rifles by Haines. The rifle I am using for inspiration is #81 shown in RCA vol 1. It is maple stocked but the patch box and carving are very similar to the mahogany stocked rifles. Isaac Haines was arguably the best carver of all the great long rifle makers. 13,610. Location. Owego, NY. Jan 13, 2024. #5. My rule is if they don't take PayPal or credit cards but just Zelle or Venmo I google their name and ask if they are a scam. Generally, the answer is yes. You can also google their address and see if they are really there.Researchers have been asking this question for almost a century and now we're a little closer to the answer. Advertisement It might seem like geologists are just studying a bunch o...Soak a couple of cotton floor mop strands in a potassium nitrate solution (black powder will work). Clamp one in the cocked jaws of your flintlock cock, light the end of it, and open the frizzen to expose your priming powder. Pull the trigger. Satisfaction guaranteed, and you just took off another 100 years!Reaction score. 634. Jul 6, 2021. #2. With a shorter barrel you are going to have a shorter sight radius, and it may be more difficult to get a good sight picture with the shorter barrels as you get older (fuzzy sights front and rear). I HAD a 24" TC Grey Hawk with both .50 and .54 barrels, both 48" twist.Mar 31, 2024. #14. Remember, all muzzle loading guns are individual and all like "their" very own patch, powder, and ball combo, including the lube. I have used OX Yoke patches in cotton and ticking pre-lubed with their Wonder Lube, I have used Wonder Lube I have applied myself, and lots of other things over the years.Location. St. Louis, MO. Feb 20, 2022. #3. As far as being a turkey gun, the 56 caliber smooth bore can be loaded up to be an effective turkey gun and it will be effective for all the other game you mentioned. There are lots of threads on the Forum extolling the effectiveness of the 56 caliber smoothbore. It's an effective 28 gauge.The Ronald Reagan UFO sighting occurred in 1974 while Reagan was flying to Bakersfield, California. Learn more about the Ronald Reagan UFO sighting. Advertisement One night in 1974...Dec 28, 2023. #9. Your very best option is rifle shop and someone who knows how to assemble it. Perdisoli is great but less then correct. A loyalist arms bess from India will spark as well as my custum lock, at least mine does. They offer more models and are as close to original as Perdisoli. The wood is not walnut.Reaction score. 4,699. Location. Southern Illinois. Sep 23, 2018. #3. More than good for bar, injun, or deers. My Lyman's plains rifle of 28 balls to the pound (.54 cal) works well with a 70 gr. charge of 2Fg Graf's powder. I too don't care for any more than that regarding recoil.Jul 12, 2023 · Reaction score. 56. Location. New York. Jul 12, 2023. #1. Picked up a traditions .54 cal blunderbuss kit 6 months ago as my first smokepole and have had a great time developing loads. You'd be surprised how good some of the patterns are. These would likely work in another .54 smoothie or 28 gauge.
Apr 20, 2017. #2. Russ Hamm died years ago. His early locks were OK, his later locks were POS. You would have to check with Chambers to see if they had a suitable replacement. Russ worked 3rd shift at a GM plant. Whatever metal the plant was casting is what he used. I built a flintlock using a Russ Hamm lock.. Miley cyrus cumshot
Flintlock Rifles | The Muzzleloading Forum. This community needs YOUR help today. We rely 100% on Supporting Memberships to fund our efforts. With the ever increasing fees of everything, we need help. We need more Supporting Members, today. Please invest back into this community. I will ship a few decals too in addition to all the account perks ... The Everything store has yet to attract brands like Gucci, Louis Vuitton, and Prada. A few businesses are still immune to Amazon: dollar stores, auto parts, home improvement, and h...The trade musket is a .62 cal or 20 gauge smoothbore musket (flintlock). The over all appearance of the musket is very nice. It has a browned finished, instead of the standard bluing. The barrel is octagon shaped for about 1/3 of the barrel length transitioning to a round barrel with 2 "wedding bands".It is nice and small and reasonably easy to make. The pattern is drawn on 1" squares. The area above the "dot-dash" to the "dash-dash" can be used in one of two ways. 1) folded under and sewn or 2) separate piece from thinner leather and folded as an edging as can be seen in the first photo.Kibler .36 SMR | The Muzzleloading Forum. This community needs YOUR help today. We rely 100% on Supporting Memberships to fund our efforts. With the ever increasing fees of everything, we need help. We need more Supporting Members, today. Please invest back into this community. I will ship a few decals too in addition to all the account perks ...40 Cal. This is a Numrich Arms Swivel Breech rifle in .45. Build by Hopkins and Allen in early 70s. I bought this rifle for a much grander project. I was planning to make wooden side panels for barrels and reset ramrod pipes. Stock had damage to toe, that I repaired, as well as a cracked buttplate. Had to take a much larger one and refit it.As far as stripping, most of the old bluing was badly worn and almost off. I used progressive papers, 400, 600, 1,000 and 1,500 grit. Degreased with Dawn dish soap and water, rinsed, dried and further degreased with acetone. Applied Van's gun bluing (cold bluing) bought direct from their website.Step #2. Get familiar with my hunk of wood. Thoroughly wet it with distilled water to: 1) Raise the grain for sanding. 2) Get familiar with the grain. 3) Discover imperfections. SOLANCO, TDM, JT1200R and 1 other person.Kibler Fowler Update | The Muzzleloading Forum. This community needs YOUR help today. We rely 100% on Supporting Memberships to fund our efforts. With the ever increasing fees of everything, we need help. We need more Supporting Members, today. Please invest back into this community. I will ship a few decals too in addition to all the account ...1. Jun 28, 2010. #7. There's a video on youtube of the guy from the hunting show "Kentucky Afield" that gets a deer with a bounty hunter pistol like the pedersoli one and he got a doe at 25 yards with one and 55 grains of powder. It's a really interesting video. D.You can find the bench design online or in Chris Schwarz's book "Workbenches". Look up "Roubo" bench online. The metal vises are from Woodcraft I believe. They cost about $90 at the time (10 years ago). The rotating jaws are very useful. The leg vises on the bench are very handy and have tremendous holding power.1/4" is equal to 6.350 mm. 6.5mm is equal to .2559" but there is no standard 6.5 mm thread. 6.0 mm is equal to .236 inches so it would be undersize in a 1/4-28 hole. Dixie gunworks offers some nipples with oversize threads for the 1/4-28 (.250-28) thread. Among them is a .255, .260, .265 and .270 diameter thread.Offering a very gently used Hatfield percussion rifle in 50 cal. This appears to be one of the earlier guns with a US made barrel and lock. No made in Italy marked components and a very nicely figured maple stock. A couple bumps on the stock, one under along the ramrod channel and one on top...Reaction score. 334. Jul 2, 2023. #9. I have said before the first thing to do with a colt clone is to smooth the hammer face. This is the most common cause of cap jams. I use a hard arkansas stone on the face of the hammer to smooth it. And it should not be a surprise that RWS caps fit on original nipples.Deer Creek Products | The Muzzleloading Forum. This community needs YOUR help today. We rely 100% on Supporting Memberships to fund our efforts. With the ever increasing fees of everything, we need help. We need more Supporting Members, today. Please invest back into this community. I will ship a few decals too in addition to all the account ...You can find the bench design online or in Chris Schwarz's book "Workbenches". Look up "Roubo" bench online. The metal vises are from Woodcraft I believe. They cost about $90 at the time (10 years ago). The rotating jaws are very useful. The leg vises on the bench are very handy and have tremendous holding power..