Directions for 3 Ingredient Natural Weed Killer. Heat vinegar in a pan on the stove until it is hot, but not boiling. Add salt and stir in with a wisk until it is dissolved. Let mixture cool slightly so that it is still warm but cool enough to handle. Add Dawn Dish Soap to your sprayer and slowly pour in the vinegar mixture.Vinegar on its own might be able to kill weaker weeds, but household vinegar alone probably won’t be as effective against stubborn weed plants. According to Noelle Orloff, an Extension Associate Specialist at Montana State University Extension, “Vinegar with a higher concentration of acetic acid tends to control weeds more effectively ...Harris 1 Gal. 20% Vinegar Weed Killer is a horticultural vinegar biopesticide. 20% Vinegar Weed Killer is organic and fast-acting. It provides non-selective control of herbaceous broadleaf weeds and weed grasses. Spray this product on unwanted weeds (vegetation) to the point of wetness. Adjustable … The Harris 1 gal. Vinegar Weed & Grass Killer is a quick-acting, non-selective contact herbicide containing a plant-based acid for which the residues degrade promptly in the soil. Foliar contact results in rapid desiccation and control of annual weeds and grasses, and top growth reduction of herbaceous perennial weeds and grasses. Monarch butterflies need both host plants (Milkweeds) and nectar plants, to complete their life cycle, survive through the summer, and sustain their migrations.Aug 11, 2022 ... No. The household vinegar most of us have on hand is too weak to kill weeds, even if applied over and over. Combined with salt, it may turn ... The Harris 1 gal. Vinegar Weed & Grass Killer is a quick-acting, non-selective contact herbicide containing a plant-based acid for which the residues degrade promptly in the soil. Foliar contact results in rapid desiccation and control of annual weeds and grasses, and top growth reduction of herbaceous perennial weeds and grasses. Treat horticultural-grade vinegar as the herbicide it is: Wear gloves and eye guards when applying it. Use it at full strength to maximize effectiveness. Apply it specifically to the weeds you want to kill, since it will damage or kill every plant it touches. Studies have shown that it is most effective on broadleaf weeds …Aug 11, 2022 ... No. The household vinegar most of us have on hand is too weak to kill weeds, even if applied over and over. Combined with salt, it may turn ...Weeds were hand-sprayed with various solutions of vinegar, uniformly coating the leaves. The researchers found that 5- and 10-percent concentrations killed the weeds during the first two weeks after emergence from the soil. Older plants required higher concentrations of vinegar to kill them. At the higher …Does Vinegar Kill Weeds? ... Yes, vinegar can be effective at killing weeds. Vinegar contains acetic acid, which can act as a desiccant, causing the plant's cells ...Combine one gallon of 15- 20% vinegar, 1 cup of table salt, and 1/4 cup orange oil in a sprayer or spray bottle. Shake or stir well to combine. The salt will not dissolve completely, but that’s okay. On a hot, sunny day, spray the entire weed until it runs off the leaf tips.Aug 14, 2018 ... In concentrations strong enough to be effective, vinegar is hazardous and can cause environmental damage.Mix 1 gallon of household vinegar, 1 tablespoon of dishwashing soap, and 1 cup of salt. Combine four parts water with one part vinegar, adding about an ounce of dish soap. Mix 1 gallon of vinegar with 1 ounce of dish soap. You can use whatever vinegar you have on hand, whether white or apple cider.Apr 3, 2003 · Weeds were hand-sprayed with various solutions of vinegar, uniformly coating the leaves. The researchers found that 5- and 10-percent concentrations killed the weeds during the first two weeks after emergence from the soil. Older plants required higher concentrations of vinegar to kill them. At the higher concentrations, vinegar had an 85- to ... Ive researched and found that an organic alternative is vinegar which when sprayed on the plant will kill it. I believe it needs to be mixed ...The Many Uses of Vinegar. We're huge fans of vinegar. It's natural and non-toxic. It's cheap to buy. It's versatile. People use vinegar (Note: not always safely or effectively) to clean windows (sinks, appliances, glassware, coffee-makers, dental retainers, etc.), remove stains, kill weeds, condition their hair, remove …The most effective homemade weed killer combines dish soap, white vinegar, and salt. All three ingredients work together to kill weeds in specific ways. Vinegar and salt contain acetic acid, which works to dry out weeds, while dish soap acts as a surfactant and keeps the "killing" agent on the outside of the plant, …Sean Hemmer. Updated: May 14, 2023 1:31 PM EDT. Learn how to kill weeds naturally with vinegar. NatureFriend via Canva Pro. Vinegar Weed Killer. When …Aug 11, 2022 ... No. The household vinegar most of us have on hand is too weak to kill weeds, even if applied over and over. Combined with salt, it may turn ...Salt kills weeds by dehydrating them. Table salt comes in the form of sodium chloride. Sodium is a toxic metal ion that effectively kills plants, and it dissolves easily in water. When saltwater ...Combine one gallon of 15- 20% vinegar, 1 cup of table salt, and 1/4 cup orange oil in a sprayer or spray bottle. Shake or stir well to combine. The salt will not dissolve completely, but that’s okay. On a hot, sunny day, spray the entire weed until it runs off the leaf tips. You can find horticultural vinegar in concentrations of 15 to 45%. You can dilute stronger solutions down with water to create a spray with a concentration of 15% to 20% acidity. That is usually enough to kill most average weeds. You can also use the horticultural vinegar at full strength for extremely stubborn and tough weed issues. Expert Response. Vinegar is acetic acid and considered a chemical like a purchased weed killer. High concentrations will kill not only weeds but likely plants you do not want removed. The least invasive method of grass and weed removal is to hand pick. Following that using a herbicide that is specific to grass and the type of weed you want to ...May 3, 2020 ... I use one cup of vinegar, one cup of salt to two gallons water in a garden sprayer. Saturate the weeds till dripping. Do not use on lawn or in ...Vinegar is a natural and effective way to control weeds in your garden or lawn. It is an inexpensive and non-toxic alternative to chemical herbicides, making it a great choice for ...Aug 14, 2018 ... In concentrations strong enough to be effective, vinegar is hazardous and can cause environmental damage.Vinegar is a contact or "burndown" herbicide, killing what it touches within hours or days. The worst part is that it may looks like it’s working, but weeds will then …Sep 28, 2019 ... Vinegar makes a great weed killer to get rid of weeds in driveway and concrete without the use of harmful chemicals. I also show in this ...I know Bob Webster has a recipe for killing nutsedge that's just mollases and water. Its 1/2 cup in one gallon of water. Spray your nutgrass with this at two ...Oct 11, 2023 · Salt and dish soap are added to vinegar to create a weed-killing spray. One cup of salt per gallon of vinegar, alongside 1 tbsp of dish soap. While this can kill weeds, it’s only a temporary solution and can affect surrounding plants and soil. Oct 1, 2023 ... Mix 1 gallon of white vinegar and 1 cup of salt until the salt dissolves. Add 1 tablespoon of washing up liquid to the mixture and stir well.Sep 29, 2021 · STEP 1: Mix the ingredients. The simplest base ingredient for a homemade weed killer is a 1-gallon jug of water. You can use an old milk jug that’s been rinsed out and filled with tap water or ... Contact herbicides such as vinegar and potassium salts of fatty acids (soap sprays) burn down the tops but do not kill the roots of hard to control weeds. You can cut back the mugwort and smother with a heavy duty weed barrier. No mulch is recommended on top of the barrier. See our website for ways to manage …Jun 2, 2022 · When using vinegar to kill weeds, gardeners often mistake leaf dieback for plant death. Although vinegar will knock back weeds, they will come back with a vengeance. This is the most common myth about vinegar, and why it doesn’t work as a long-term solution. It does work as a true weed killer. The vinegar acts as a desiccant, so it will dry ... Uncover the potential of this readily available household item and gain insights into employing it for a garden accessible from the clutches of these invasive weeds. When contemplating how to kill horsetail with vinegar, the process involves harnessing the acidic properties of vinegar to disrupt the weed’s growth.Jan 9, 2024 · The one homemade recipe Strenge has seen work in action: 1 gallon of vinegar (5% acetic acid) mixed with 1 cup salt and 1 tablespoon dish soap, with an emphasis on the salt making its low concentration effective. “It will burn weeds on contact under the right conditions: warm, dry, sunny days,” he said. Aug 14, 2018 ... In concentrations strong enough to be effective, vinegar is hazardous and can cause environmental damage.Explanation: Vinegar alone is extremely effective in killing weeds (more on that below), but mixing it with dish soap and salt is even more deadly. Together, vinegar’s acetic acid helps kill the ...Vinegar is a safe and natural product that can be used to control weeds. It contains acetic acid, which is an effective herbicide. Vinegar can be applied directly to the entire plant or sprayed onto the leaves to kill unwanted plants quickly. This makes it ideal for controlling larger weeds without risking damage to desired vegetation.Similar Posts. You can use salt as an organic weed killer in gardens and driveways. Once absorbed, salt causes sodium chloride toxicity in the plants, thus killing weeds permanently. Mix salt, water, vinegar, and dish soap in a ratio of 3:1:1:1 and apply the solution on weeds daily until they die.Mix 4 cups of 5 percent household vinegar (or use 2 cups of stronger 10 percent vinegar) with 1 cup of salt. Add ½t liquid soap; this helps the herbicide to adhere to the leaves of weeds. Paint, spray or drizzle it on weeds; take care to protect any nearby desirable plants as it’s non-selective and may kill these along …According to Rebecca Sears, chief gardening guru at Seeds of Change, vinegar's acidity plays the principal role in ridding your garden of unwanted growth. "The acid within vinegarbreaks down cell walls and removes moisture from weeds, causing them to die off," she says. "Vinegars that you keep in your … See moreContact herbicides such as vinegar and potassium salts of fatty acids (soap sprays) burn down the tops but do not kill the roots of hard to control weeds. You can cut back the mugwort and smother with a heavy duty weed barrier. No mulch is recommended on top of the barrier. See our website for ways to manage …Thistles in Grass. To recap, vinegar is an environmentally-friendly method for killing thistles and other weeds in gardens, grass, and rocks. Simply pour some undiluted distilled white kitchen vinegar into a spray bottle. Spray the plants that you want to kill with the vinegar.Here are the weed killing concoctions I applied to each section: Plain white household cooking vinegar (5% acetic acid) Salt water (3 cups water, 1 cup Morton’s table salt) Salt/vinegar mix (1 1/2 cups vinegar, 1/2 cup salt) Boiling hot water. My weedy driveway set up for testing non-toxic weed killers.Jan 9, 2024 · The one homemade recipe Strenge has seen work in action: 1 gallon of vinegar (5% acetic acid) mixed with 1 cup salt and 1 tablespoon dish soap, with an emphasis on the salt making its low concentration effective. “It will burn weeds on contact under the right conditions: warm, dry, sunny days,” he said. Vinegar and dish soap will often kill small weeds in as little as 24 hours, but larger, more stubborn weeds may take a few days or even weeks to die completely. Finally, always apply vinegar on a sunny day and wait for the weeds to die completely before attempting to pull them out of the ground. If you give it enough time, it should come right ...To kill weeds with vinegar, first mix 1 gallon (4 liters) of white vinegar with 2 teaspoons (10 mL) of dish soap. The dish soap … The 3 Ingredient Homemade Weed Killer. What you will need to make this weed-killing formula is going to include table salt and some dishwashing soap and of course 30% plus vinegar. And we’re going to make enough so that we end up with a half a gallon of an all-natural weed killing solution. Oct 23, 2019 · 1. Vinegar and Dish Soap. This is an easy to make natural weed killer with vinegar and dawn dishwashing soap. Mix 1 oz., of dishwashing soap to a gallon of full strength vinegar. 1 cup of salt. 2. Vinegar and Essential Oils. Mix vinegar with one tablespoon of citrus oil, or any other essential oil. Vinegar is about 5% acetic acid, the rest being water. Pickling vinegar is about 7% acetic acid, but even this is not strong enough to kill weeds. A higher concentration of acetic acid will kill some plants, but you need to use at least 20% acetic acid and 30% is even better. This is a good option from Amazon …Salt and dish soap are added to vinegar to create a weed-killing spray. One cup of salt per gallon of vinegar, alongside 1 tbsp of dish soap. While this can kill weeds, it’s only a temporary solution …Step 3 – Measure and Mix. There’s no need to dilute the vinegar in water. Once you’ve gathered your ingredients, pour them into the bucket and mix well, ensuring the salt has dissolved. Once you’re confident it’s all mixed, pour the solution into the spray bottle using the funnel.Feb 3, 2024 ... 1 litre of white vinegar (here's where I buy vinegar in bulk). 3 large tablespoons of salt. 3 teaspoons of washing up liquid/dish soap ( ...Weeds can be a nuisance in your garden, but there is an easy and natural way to get rid of them. Vinegar is a great way to kill weeds without the use of harsh chemicals. In this ar...Weeds can be a nuisance in any garden or lawn. They take up space, compete with other plants for nutrients, and can be difficult to remove. Fortunately, there are many ways to get ...Vinegar is a natural herbicide that can kill most broadleaf weeds quickly and easily. It's acidic, nonselective, and safe to use on your lawn and patio. Learn how to make a vinegar-and-salt solution, when …White vinegar can be used to kill weeds down to the root. The vinegar’s high acidity will destroy the plant’s cell structure and cause it to wither and die. However, it may take several applications for the vinegar to completely kill the root system. Natural Ways to Permanently Kill Weeds. There are several natural methods that …The acetic acid in vinegar kills unsered plants by burning them. The acetic acid in vinegar kills undesired plants by burning them. Credit ...White vinegar is best; avoid red vinegar, as it could stain your patio paving. 5. Prevent weeds with good pointing . One of the best weed controls is prevention rather than removal. Ensuring your patio pavers have the right pointing is crucial to ensure that the weeds cannot break through.Aug 18, 2021 · To make homemade weed killer, stir together 1 gallon of vinegar, 1 cup of salt, and 1 tablespoon of dish soap. Pour it into a spray bottle and thoroughly spray the weeds. This solution is most ... To make homemade weed killer, stir together 1 gallon of vinegar, 1 cup of salt, and 1 tablespoon of dish soap. Pour it into a spray bottle and thoroughly spray the weeds. This solution is most ... My Perfect Formula for Vinegar Based Weed Killer. Half-gallon recipe. For best results use a sprayer with a pump. 2 Qt of a 30% based vinegar product such as Shine. 3 Tablespoons of Salt (Table, or Rock Salt) 1 Tablespoon of Dish Soap (most any brand will do) Give it a few good shakes in the sprayer before using. The Harris 1 gal. Vinegar Weed & Grass Killer is a quick-acting, non-selective contact herbicide containing a plant-based acid for which the residues degrade promptly in the soil. Foliar contact results in rapid desiccation and control of annual weeds and grasses, and top growth reduction of herbaceous perennial weeds …Horticultural vinegar is an excellent way to control weeds in and around hardscapes. It is effective, fast, and even better, does not contain dangerous man-made …Vinegar works as a contact herbicide, burning and killing the sprayed parts of the weed. But if the vinegar doesn’t contact the roots, the weeds might still regrow. Pouring vinegar into the root zone can sometimes kill the roots and the plant. But you’ll have to move the rocks out of the way first.1 cup of salt. 1 tablespoon of dish soap. 1 gallon of vinegar. Blythe Yost, CEO and co-founder of Tilly, an online landscape design company, says that white vinegar is the best choice, since it is colorless and inexpensive. "The salt and vinegar work together to dissolve the plant's cell walls, and the dish soap acts as a facilitator to help ...Nov 23, 2009 · Step 2: Applying Vinegar to Weeds. To kill a weed with vinegar, spray the entire plant with 5 percent vinegar, using a spray bottle or hand sprayer. You can also paint the vinegar on the plant with a brush. Cover both sides of every leaf and wet the stem well, too. Pouring a cup of vinegar around the base of a weed can help kill the roots. Yes, it most certainly can. But there’s a little bit more to it than just taking a bottle of vinegar from your kitchen and using that in the garden. Here’s the scoop. Vinegar is an acid, also known as acetic acid. It works as a contact weed killer, and will kill anything that it comes in contact with when you spray it on. It’s not a ...Looking for a natural and effective way to get rid of weeds and grasses? Check out Energen Carolina LLC Vinegar Weed & Grass Killer with Sprayer, a pet-safe and organic-approved herbicide that works fast and easy. Buy on Amazon and …The 3 Ingredient Homemade Weed Killer. What you will need to make this weed-killing formula is going to include table salt and some dishwashing soap and of course 30% plus vinegar. And we’re going to make enough so that we end up with a half a gallon of an all-natural weed killing solution.You can kill weeds with it, as well as plant diseases and insects. ... Vinegar as an herbicide: White vinegar ... Vinegar as a weed-killer? Feh! Rather, it's good ...The 3 Ingredient Homemade Weed Killer. What you will need to make this weed-killing formula is going to include table salt and some dishwashing soap and of course 30% plus vinegar. And we’re going to make enough so that we end up with a half a gallon of an all-natural weed killing solution.How to Kill Pavement Weeds With Vinegar . A mixture of salt and white vinegar (5 percent acetic acid) spread on pavement will kill most weeds and grasses. Mix the Solution . Combine 1 cup of salt (about 228 …Jun 2, 2023 · Avoid rain or wet weather when applying it. Add dish soap: Mix dish soap to Apple Cider Vinegar. This helps the mixture to stick to the weeds better. Be consistent: Repeat the application until weeds die off. Apple Cider Vinegar does not necessarily kill weed roots, and without repeat applications, weeds can return. The safest places to use vinegar weed killer are between concrete seams in sidewalks, mulch or gravel paths, and driveways. It's usually easy to spray the vinegar in these areas without getting it on …Vinegar is about 5% acetic acid, the rest being water. Pickling vinegar is about 7% acetic acid, but even this is not strong enough to kill weeds. A higher concentration of acetic acid will kill some plants, but you need to use at least 20% acetic acid and 30% is even better. This is a good option from Amazon …Harris 1 Gal. 20% Vinegar Weed Killer is a horticultural vinegar biopesticide. 20% Vinegar Weed Killer is organic and fast-acting. It provides non-selective control of herbaceous broadleaf weeds and weed grasses. Spray this product on unwanted weeds (vegetation) to the point of wetness. Adjustable …The Chemistry of Salt: How Salt Works to Kill Weeds. Salt (sodium chloride) works to kill weeds by dehydrating the plants and disrupting the internal water balance of the plant's cells. Since salt is water-soluble, it is most effectively applied when mixed with water as this makes it easier for the weeds to absorb.To kill weeds using baking soda, mix it with water and a surfactant and spray it on weeds until they die off. ... Can You Mix Baking Soda and Vinegar To Kill Weeds? The Acetic acid found in vinegar kills most weed including dandelions by taking out moisture from their leaves. Vinegar is also a 100% natural product …The vinegar solution will kill the weed within a few hours. Do you dilute vinegar to kill weeds. If you’re looking for a natural way to kill weeds, you may have considered using vinegar. Vinegar is an acid, so it can be effective at killing weeds. However, you need to be careful when using vinegar to kill weeds.Vinegar. Download Article. Vinegar is an inexpensive solution to killing dollar weed. Put white vinegar in a spray bottle and hand spray the dollar weed for a few days in a row. It should die relatively quickly. You can use vinegar in any concentration, from 5% white vinegar to 20% horticultural vinegar. [2]Weeds are an unwelcome sight in any garden, but many of the chemical weed killers available on the market can be toxic and damaging to the environment. Fortunately, there is an eco...Sep 12, 2012 ... **For tough weeds, regular white vinegar may not be strong enough. In that case, you may want to use 'horticultural vinegar', which has a higher ...The 3 Ingredient Homemade Weed Killer. What you will need to make this weed-killing formula is going to include table salt and some dishwashing soap and of course 30% plus vinegar. And we’re going to make enough so that we end up with a half a gallon of an all-natural weed killing solution.The University of Maryland Extension determined a much longer list of cons when using vinegar as a weed killer than it did the pros. For starters, vinegar will not distinguish between good or bad ...Apr 21, 2023 · Step One – Mix Your Solution. Mix 1 gallon of 5 percent vinegar and 1 cup of dish soap. Fill the spray bottle with the mixture and shake to combine. Wear gloves and protective eyewear when handling the spray bottle and its contents, as vinegar is quite caustic.
Despite these limitations, vinegar products, especially the sprays, are extremely useful for spot-killing difficult weeds, including invasive ones, in a garden .... Web companion
Still, spraying this mixture on dollarweed may kill only the top, which means that the next choice – drenching the dollarweed roots – is your next move, though not always an effective one. If it falters, try a 20 percent vinegar solution in the form of horticultural vinegar. It will do a better job on older, tougher … My Perfect Formula for Vinegar Based Weed Killer. Half-gallon recipe. For best results use a sprayer with a pump. 2 Qt of a 30% based vinegar product such as Shine. 3 Tablespoons of Salt (Table, or Rock Salt) 1 Tablespoon of Dish Soap (most any brand will do) Give it a few good shakes in the sprayer before using. Explanation: Vinegar alone is extremely effective in killing weeds (more on that below), but mixing it with dish soap and salt is even more deadly. Together, vinegar’s acetic acid helps kill the ...Apply household vinegar with a spray bottle, pump sprayer, or brush, as long as you can direct it only to those pesky weeds since it cannot differentiate between …Directions: Mix the vinegar, salt, and soap together; Pour into a spray bottle and spray directly onto weeds. Apply on a sunny day with no wind. The sun helps the vinegar to dry out the weed ...May 16, 2020 ... And that acid is what kills the plant. Using horticultural vinegar on its own works, but it is expensive. And it's hard to find. Plus, I have ...Vinegar is a contact or “burndown” herbicide, killing what it touches within hours or days. The worst part is, it looks like it's working, but ...Weeds can be a nuisance in any garden or yard, and many people turn to chemical weed killers to get rid of them. But did you know that you can use vinegar as an effective and natur...Combine one gallon of 15- 20% vinegar, 1 cup of table salt, and 1/4 cup orange oil in a sprayer or spray bottle. Shake or stir well to combine. The salt will not dissolve completely, but that’s okay. On a hot, sunny day, spray the entire weed until it runs off the leaf tips.Harris 1 Gal. 20% Vinegar Weed Killer is a horticultural vinegar biopesticide. 20% Vinegar Weed Killer is organic and fast-acting. It provides non-selective control of herbaceous broadleaf weeds and weed grasses. Spray this product on unwanted weeds (vegetation) to the point of wetness. Adjustable …Similar Posts. You can use salt as an organic weed killer in gardens and driveways. Once absorbed, salt causes sodium chloride toxicity in the plants, thus killing weeds permanently. Mix salt, water, vinegar, and dish soap in a ratio of 3:1:1:1 and apply the solution on weeds daily until they die.Directions for 3 Ingredient Natural Weed Killer. Heat vinegar in a pan on the stove until it is hot, but not boiling. Add salt and stir in with a wisk until it is dissolved. Let mixture cool slightly so that it is still warm but cool enough to handle. Add Dawn Dish Soap to your sprayer and slowly pour in the vinegar mixture.Still, spraying this mixture on dollarweed may kill only the top, which means that the next choice – drenching the dollarweed roots – is your next move, though not always an effective one. If it falters, try a 20 percent vinegar solution in the form of horticultural vinegar. It will do a better job on older, tougher …Nov 8, 2023 ... Does vinegar make a good weed killer? In order to use vinegar and other acetic acid herbicides effectively, it is important to understand ...Sunny conditions: Sunlight enhances the effectiveness of vinegar as a weed killer. Apply it on a sunny day to maximize its impact. : Drench the weeds thoroughly with vinegar, ensuring good contact between the vinegar solution and the weed foliage. : Vinegar’s effects are temporary, and weeds may regrow.Kill Weeds Once and for All. If you want to kill weeds naturally, then here’s what you do: The correct ratio for weed killing is: 1 gallon of 10-20% vinegar to 1 cup of orange (or citrus) oil. Mix well. ( see my Warning above) Then, add to either a spray bottle like this one.Ready to use. 20% Vinegar Weed Killer is a quick-acting, horticultural vinegar biopesticide for non-selective control of herbaceous broadleaf weeds and weed grasses. Our 20% Vinegar Weed Killer contains an organic acid that acts fast and degrades promptly in the soil. Foliar contact results in rapid desiccation and …Vinegar effectively kills weeds, especially young ones with shallow roots. Using horticultural vinegar with a higher acetic acid concentration boosts the weed …Vinegar is a natural herbicide that can kill most broadleaf weeds quickly and easily. It's acidic, nonselective, and safe to use on your lawn and patio. Learn how to make a vinegar-and-salt solution, when …The most effective homemade weed killer combines dish soap, white vinegar, and salt. All three ingredients work together to kill weeds in specific ways. Vinegar and salt contain acetic acid, which works to dry out weeds, while dish soap acts as a surfactant and keeps the "killing" agent on the outside of the plant, ….