License Verifications: If you want to verify a license, please select which kind of license you want to verify below: · Verify RN/LPN License. · Verify All Virginia Board of Nursing Licenses, Certificates or Registrations. Virginia Board of NursingJay P. Douglas, MSM, RN, CSAC, FRE, Executive DirectorCynthia M. Swineford, MSN, RN, CNE, President.Aug 29, 2023 · Medical assistants can qualify for certification after completing a training program lasting 9-12 months. RNs, on the other hand, spend 2-4 years earning a nursing degree, and must hold a license through their state's nursing board. RNs earn significantly higher salaries than medical assistants. Registered practical nurse A registered practical nurse (RPN) is an entry-level nursing position. RPNs focus on assisting senior nurses and physicians with patient care. They may measure patients' vitals, maintain patient records, administer medication, or implement treatment plans. If you work in Ontario, this position is called a licensed ...Jun 2, 2020 · The CNA document was developed by a panel of registered nurses, registered/licensed practical nurses, registered psychiatric nurses, and unregulated care providers from across Canada and presents a framework for decision-makers for staffing decisions. Furthermore, the authors of the document assert that it is “a comprehensive and evidence ... Medicine Matters Sharing successes, challenges and daily happenings in the Department of Medicine Happy Nurses Week! National Nurses Week occurs every year from May 6-12 in honor o...During the American Heart Association Scientific Sessions, there were great sessions. It was really a struggle to make an overview of all the nurses and allied professional session...The answer has to do with terminology. LVN, or Licensed Vocational Nurse, is the title that Licensed Practical Nurses hold in some states, mainly Texas and California. Essentially, LVN and LPN are the same job – only with different names. Because Licensed Practical Nurse is by far a more widespread job title, that’s the one we will use in ...A licensed practical nurse is a medical professional who specializes in providing basic care to patients. LPNs work under the direct supervision of doctors and registered nurses (RNs). LPNs primarily are responsible for the comfort of patients. They assist with hygiene and other essential needs patients can’t perform on their own.Registered nurse (RN) The primary distinction between a licensed practical nurse and a registered nurse is their respective certification and educational requirements. There are significant distinctions in the tasks that an LPN and an RN may do. An LPN may offer basic patient care, whereas an RN may do more active patient care responsibilities.License Verifications: If you want to verify a license, please select which kind of license you want to verify below: · Verify RN/LPN License. · Verify All Virginia Board of Nursing Licenses, Certificates or Registrations. Virginia Board of NursingJay P. Douglas, MSM, RN, CSAC, FRE, Executive DirectorCynthia M. Swineford, MSN, RN, CNE, President.LPNs are required to have graduated from a practical nursing education program and have theoretical knowledge and hands-on experience to work in a clinical setting. Moreover, LPNs are required to pass a CPNRE national exam to …A variety of scholarships are available to help nursing informatics students defray the cost of a college education. Scholarships are available in a range of amounts and from diffe...For example, while a registered nurse can perform detailed patient assessments, enrolled nurses may only monitor vital signs like blood pressure and glucose levels. Additionally, enrolled nurses typically spend more time performing daily, practical duties like helping patients with grooming and eating. You will earn more money as an RN. The median annual salary according to the US government for RNs in 2014 was $66,000. For LPNs, it is only $42,000. So, for going to school two or three years longer, you will earn at least $20,000 more per year for much of your career. RNs have many more specialization options. A registered nurse is required to be physically present in any setting when an LPN performs a push of IV medications. Washington: LPNs may, under the supervision of a registered nurse, initiate IV medications and fluids provided the LPN has had the appropriate practice and annual documented education.3 2 (Rule Chapter: 64B9-12), Florida Rule ...A Registered Nurse (RN) is the most common type of nurse you will find in the healthcare field. These nursing professionals main responsibility is to provide and coordinate patient care: evaluating, diagnosing, treating, and following up with patients in need. RNs have a more expanded scope of practice than LPNs, in that they can perform ...As a registered nurse (RN), it is crucial to be aware of your license number and the significance it holds in your professional career. One of the primary reasons why knowing your ...The Licensed Practical/Vocation Nurse (LPN/LVN) is a highly valuable member of the medical care team. By partnering with Registered Nurses, Certified Nurse Assistants or Patient Care Technicians (PCTs), the LPN/LVN can perform a wide range of patient-care duties in many clinical settings.While the Registered Nurse (RN) has a …Becoming a registered nurse typically takes two to three years to earn an associate’s degree in nursing and four years to earn a bachelor’s degree. Community colleges and vocationa... LPNs vs RNs. RN and LPN: two different sets of initials on different name badges – and often two very different roles. Registered nurses (RN) have, at the minimum, a two-year degree or three-year diploma. Many have baccalaureate degrees. RNs have an expanded set of duties and are more frequently employed in hospital settings. When most people think of becoming a nurse, they’re typically interested in three specific programs: becoming a licensed practical nurse (LPN), becoming a registered nurse (RN), or attaining their Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN). Becoming a licensed practical nurse is typically the shortest program, at around one year.The answer has to do with terminology. LVN, or Licensed Vocational Nurse, is the title that Licensed Practical Nurses hold in some states, mainly Texas and California. Essentially, LVN and LPN are the same job – only with different names. Because Licensed Practical Nurse is by far a more widespread job title, that’s the one we will use in ...Registered Nurse (RN) Becoming an LPN requires completing an accredited practical nursing certificate program, which is usually offered at community colleges and take about a year to complete. Students can expect to take courses in biology, pharmacology, and nursing while also receiving hands-on clinical experiences.Tuition costs. LPN programs are cheaper than RN programs. This is because they are a shorter length of time, and the curriculum is less rigorous than that of an RN program. Another difference between an LPN and RN program is that a diploma or certificate from an LPN school does not equate to a college degree and is, therefore, less …Nurses are trading in hospital-staffing positions for higher-paying jobs with traveling nurse agencies. SmartAsset's study ranks the best-paying places for nurses. An increasing nu...How to Become a Correctional Nurse. Correctional nurses can practice as a licensed practical/vocational nurse (LPN/LVN), registered nurse (RN), or advanced practice RN. (Terminology is the only difference between LPNs and LVNs; Texas and California use the term "LVN.") Some nurses begin their career as LPNs, since that takes just one year of ...A licensed practical nurse is a medical professional who specializes in providing basic care to patients. LPNs work under the direct supervision of doctors and registered nurses (RNs). LPNs primarily are responsible for the comfort of patients. They assist with hygiene and other essential needs patients can’t perform on their own.A comprehensive comparison of Practical Nurses vs. Nurse Practitioners. Explore the difference between Practical Nurses and Nurse Practitioners in their roles, responsibilities, skills, salary, and career growth opportunities.Are you an aspiring or practicing registered nurse (RN) who needs to find your license number? Whether you’re applying for a new job, renewing your license, or simply need it for v...Delegation is important for both practical and academic reasons. It is a core “real world” nursing skill, and it is also a major focus of the NCLEX-RN exam. RN’s (Registered Nurses) It is within an RN’s scope of practice to: Independently assess, monitor and revise the nursing plan of care for patients of any kindRN (Registered Nurse) and RPN (Registered Practical Nurse) are both titles used to denote professional nurses, but they differ in terms of their education, scope of practice, and level of responsibility. RNs have a higher level of education and can perform a wider range of nursing duties compared to RPNs.A practical nurse, also known as a licensed practical nurse (LPN), is a healthcare professional who works under the supervision of registered nurses and physicians. The main role of a practical nurse is to provide basic nursing care to patients such as monitoring vital signs, administering medication, and assisting with daily living activities.A comprehensive comparison of Licensed Practical Nurses vs. Nurses. Explore the difference between Licensed Practical Nurses and Nurses in their roles, responsibilities, skills, salary, and career growth opportunities.Aug 13, 2023 · LPN vs. RN Education. The education required of Licensed Practical Nurses and Registered Nurses differs significantly. LPN programs emphasize “doing” skills, whereas RN programs emphasize “doing” and “thinking” skills. On the other hand, LPN programs can be finished in less time and cost less than RN programs. Jun 5, 2020 · A Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN), also known in parts of Canada as a Registered Practical Nurse (RPN), completes a two-year nursing degree. After completing the two-year nursing course, it would be necessary to pass the national licensing exam. Once the exam is successfully passed, an LPN/RPN can work in short-term care, long-term care, or out ... Discover what registered nurses and registered practical nurses do and explore the various differences in education and specialization between RN vs. RPN. ... People mainly use the term in the province of Ontario, with the rest of the country typically using the term licensed practical nurse (LPN) to describe the same position. ... A licensed practical nurse (LPN), also known as a licensed vocational nurse (LVN) in some states, works under the supervision of doctors and registered nurses. The duties of an LPN include taking vitals, collecting samples, administering medications, and ensuring patient comfort. While a registered nurse or nurse practitioner plays an active ... Medical Assistant vs. Licensed Practical Nurse: Job Outlook Medical Assistant Job Outlook. According to the BLS, the overall employment of medical assistants is projected to grow 18 percent through 2030, much faster than the average for all occupations (8%).. As the older portion of our population continues to grow, so will the …Learn the key differences between licensed practical nurse (LPN) and registered nurse (RN) in terms of education, job duties, and salary. Compare the two nursing specialties based on their educational …Licensed practical nurses/licensed vocational nurse members of the occupational health and safety team require supervision by health care professionals (RN, NP, MD, DO). Licensed practical nurses/licensed vocational nurses who work in occupational and environmental health settings should be trained and certified for tasks …Nov 21, 2023 · Becoming a Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) involves completing a state-approved vocational nursing program, which serves as the foundational educational pathway for aspiring LPNs. These programs are designed to equip individuals with the essential skills and knowledge needed to provide direct patient care under the supervision of registered ... Aug 16, 2013 · Under this designation fit the principal types of APRNs, including nurse practitioner (NP), certified nurse-midwife (CNM), clinical nurse specialist (CNS), and certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA). Practical Nursing: A Career in Demand. Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses work in many settings in Miami, including nursing ... As a result, becoming a registered nurse takes longer and is more complex than becoming an LPN. However, registered nurses have more autonomy, career advancement opportunities, and significant medical care roles. Overall, the RN program provides a comprehensive educational foundation on essential subjects and medical topics.CDC - Blogs - NIOSH Science Blog – Celebrating Nurses - Could there be a more fitting year to honor nurses? As 2020 comes to a close, so does our blog series celebrating the Year o... A delegator may be APRN, RN, or LPN/VN (where state NPA allows). Assignment: The routine care, activities and procedures that are within the authorized scope of practice of the RN or LPN/VN or part of the routine functions of the AP. Licensed Nurse: A licensed nurse includes APRNs, RNs and LPN/VNs. In some states/jurisdictions, LPN/ To transfer your nursing license to Florida, review the licensing requirements of the Florida Board of Nursing, submit an application for licensure by endorsement with the appropri...Medical assistants can qualify for certification after completing a training program lasting 9-12 months. RNs, on the other hand, spend 2-4 years earning a nursing degree, and must hold a license through their state's nursing board. RNs earn significantly higher salaries than medical assistants.The Nursing Education Initiative (NEI) is an education grants program that supports nurses in continuing education to improve their nursing knowledge and skills. All nurses registered to practice in the province of Ontario are eligible to apply. Nurses undertaking continuing education may be eligible for reimbursement of up to $1,500 per ...Learning the difference between various nursing positions, such as a nurse practitioner vs. a licensed practical nurse (LPN), can provide useful direction to those who are planning their careers. ... (ADN or BSN), pass the NCLEX-RN exam, and become a licensed registered nurse. This involves classroom work and supervised clinical experience.As a registered nurse (RN), it is crucial to be aware of your license number and the significance it holds in your professional career. One of the primary reasons why knowing your ...Delegation is important for both practical and academic reasons. It is a core “real world” nursing skill, and it is also a major focus of the NCLEX-RN exam. RN’s (Registered Nurses) It is within an RN’s scope of practice to: Independently assess, monitor and revise the nursing plan of care for patients of any kindLicensed Practical Nurse (LPN) LPNs (sometimes called LVNs, or Licensed Vocational Nurses, or LVNs) provide basic care to their patients. Their contribution is key, as they offer detailed assistance to registered nurses (RNs) or physicians by monitoring patient health, updating health records, and administering treatment.Aug 31, 2023 · Learn the differences between licensed practical nurses (LPNs) and registered nurses (RNs) in terms of education, salary, job duties, and career goals. Find out how to transition from LPN to RN or BSN with bridge programs and online options. The Alabama Board of Nursing makes up the largest group of professionals in the state and oversees LPN and RN licensure, endorsements, renewals, and reinstatements in Alabama. RN requirements include legal citizenship and a nursing degree from an accredited institution. To earn licensure by examination, each candidate must pay $100 for the exam …Rasmussen University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission, an institutional accreditation agency recognized by the U.S. Department of Education. We’ll compare the two so you’ll have a better handle on your nursing education options.Oct 6, 2022 · Nursing Career Advancement. From a career advancement standpoint, the possibilities are numerous. Of course, RNs have the most flexibility in terms of advancement. As an LPN, being promoted into a managerial role might be challenging, so one might consider returning to school. LPN-to-RN bridge programs may open the door to further opportunities ... Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses work in a variety of settings, including nursing and residential care facilities, hospitals, physicians' ... IC 25-23-1-31 Rehabilitation of impaired registered nurse or licensed practical Page 22 Nurse; use of information after noncompliance IC 25-23-1-33 Processing to be nurse practitioner or clinical nurse specialist; use of title Page 23 IC 25-23-1-34 Impaired nurses account Page 23 INDIANA ADMINISTRATIVE CODE 848-1 Registered Nurses and Practical ... Licensed Practical Nurses/ Registered Practical Nurses. Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs) and Registered Practical Nurses (RPNs) are essentially different names for the same role. The term LPN is used in all provinces and territories except for Ontario. In Ontario, the preferred term for these nurses is RPN, though the role that they serve in ... It might be hard at first to tell the difference between a licensed practical nurse and a registered nurse. This is because a lot of RN duties overlap with LPN duties. The main differences between an LPN and an RN relate to qualifications and responsibilities. As an LPN, you are responsible for providing basic assistance to patients.The Difference Between a Licensed Practical Nurse and a Registered Nurse. Health Care Programs. The Difference Between a Licensed Practical Nurse …Nursing Licensure & Scope of Practice in California. California. California employs more than 99,000 nursing assistants, more than 294,000 registered nurses (RNs), more than 15,000 advanced practice nurses (APRNs) and more than 64,000 licensed vocational nurses (LVNs). It also leads the nation in pay for all of these categories.A comprehensive comparison of Licensed Practical Nurses vs. Surgical Nurses. Explore the difference between Licensed Practical Nurses and Surgical Nurses in their roles, responsibilities, skills, salary, and career growth opportunities.Learn the differences between licensed practical nurses (LPNs) and registered nurses (RNs) in terms of education, salary, job duties, and career goals. Find out how to transition from LPN to RN or …A nurse works under their own individual license, whether they are a registered nurse or licensed practical nurse. This allows for a wider scope of responsibilities than a medical assistant. And because they receive more advanced training than medical assistants, they can perform more skilled or complex tasks when caring for … LPN vs RN Salaries. Due to their more rigorous educational background and higher degree of responsibility, RNs tend to earn higher salaries than LPNs. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average annual salary was $48,070 for LPNs and $77,600 for RNs in 2021. Learn more in our Nursing Salary Guide. People working as a licensed practical nurse (L.P.N.) in Canada usually earn between $$23.45/hour and $$34.00/hour. Whether you want to negotiate a salary, plan your career or track employment trends, you should know how much workers earn in your region. Visit Job Bank to learn more about prevailing wages throughout Canada.If you are an employer looking for routine bulk verification of registrants' current and/or future registration status, please email your list of Nurse IDs to [email protected]. We will respond to these requests within five business days. For other requests, we may take up to 30 business days to respond.Differences between LPNs and RNs. Education paths for LPNs and RNs. Career outlook and advancement for LPNs and RNs. Deciding which career is best for …Jun 5, 2020 · A Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN), also known in parts of Canada as a Registered Practical Nurse (RPN), completes a two-year nursing degree. After completing the two-year nursing course, it would be necessary to pass the national licensing exam. Once the exam is successfully passed, an LPN/RPN can work in short-term care, long-term care, or out ... Learn about the duties, education, salary, and career outlook of LPNs and how they differ from RNs and LVNs. Find out how to become an LPN in your state and …Do you know how to get your nursing assistant renewal certification? Learn how to get your renewal certification in this article from HowStuffWorks. Advertisement As the elderly po...Becoming a Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) involves completing a state-approved vocational nursing program, which serves as the foundational educational pathway for aspiring LPNs. These programs are designed to equip individuals with the essential skills and knowledge needed to provide direct patient care under the supervision of registered ...To become a licensed practical nurse (LPN), you must complete an LPN training program and pass a licensing test. Becoming an LPN involves less time and expense than becoming a registered nurse (RN). That makes it an excellent option if you're interested in becoming a nurse but want to start working as soon as possible. LPN-to-RN bridge programs ...Each job has different responsibilities and duties. While it typically takes 1-2 years to become a Dental Assistant, becoming a Licensed Practical Nurse takes usually requires 1-2 years. Additionally, Licensed Practical Nurse has a higher average salary of $52,912, compared to Dental Assistant pays an average of $37,730 annually.Get to know NSCN. As the Nova Scotia College of Nursing (NSCN), we regulate LPNs, RNs and NPs in Nova Scotia on behalf of the public. In this role, we have an obligation to protect the public by overseeing the practice of approximately 16,000 nurses who are licensed to practise nursing in Nova Scotia. Our work helps Nova Scotians place their ...When most people think of becoming a nurse, they’re typically interested in three specific programs: becoming a licensed practical nurse (LPN), becoming a registered nurse (RN), or attaining their Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN). Becoming a licensed practical nurse is typically the shortest program, at around one year.One difference between NPs and LPNs is in their annual earnings. The national average salary for nurse practitioners is $113,831 per year, while licensed …Nursing practice takes place in the context of continuing change and development resulting from advances in research and technology, the introduction of new approaches to delivery of care, and a greater variety of practitioners sharing more areas of common ability. The. submit a request, call 1-800-525-0127.Learn the key similarities and differences between licensed practical nurses (LPNs) and registered nurses (RNs) in roles, education, … The licensed practical nurse may perform some activities related to ART within the nurse's scope of practice, such as medication administration, routine laboratory testing, and basic education, under the direction of an authorized health care practitioner, or under the direction and supervision, of the registered nurse. The licensed practical ... Registered Nurse (RN) vs. Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) Nursing is a noble and essential profession that is pivotal in healthcare systems worldwide. Within this …Mar 13, 2023 · Overview. Most licensed practical nurses (LPN's) work in healthcare facilities, including hospitals, doctorsʼ offices, and nursing homes. Their primary job duty is to provide routine care, observe patientsʼ health, assist doctors and registered nurses, and communicate instructions to patients regarding medication, home-based care, and ... A licensed practical nurse is more likely to work in a hospital or long-term care center than an MA. LPNs spend their days administering medications and performing basic assessments. They can perform some invasive procedures like inserting urinary catheters or doing IV insertions. A licensed practical nurse will usually work three, 12-hour ...Or, if you are an LPN consider taking the next step to get an BSN, with information on an LPN to BSN program. 1. LPNs versus RNs at Nursinglicensure.org. “RN and LPN: two different sets of initials on different name badges – and often two very different roles.”. Read up on some of the key differences in these two roles.Wondering what you'll pay for in nursing home costs? It depends on your location and the facility. Here's a breakdown of the average pricing information. Calculators Helpful Guides... Updated RN-LPN FAQs 2022. 1. How do I know if a specific procedure or activity is within my scope of practice? The scope of practice for nurses can be found in Ohio Revised Code (ORC) Section 4723.01(B) for the Registered Nurse (RN), and 4723.01(F) for the Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN). To determine whether a procedure or activity is within an ... Before we dive into the main differences between the NCLEX-PN and NCLEX-RN, it's essential to understand the distinct roles of an LPN vs. an RN. Generally, LPNs—called licensed vocational nurses (LVNs) in Texas and California—are in charge of patients’ comfort and work under the supervision of a registered nurse. While LPNs offer primary ...
Sep 26, 2023 · LPN Salary. The median annual salary for an LPN is $54,620 as of 2022, according to the BLS. However, LPNs in certain areas can earn over $50,000. In fact, the lowest 10 percent earned less than $37,150, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $63,790. . Dickinson tv series
Jul 6, 2021 ... PN vs. RN: What's the Difference? ... In the healthcare field, doctors' offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, clinics, correctional ...Everyone has a story about a nurse from Kerala. Whether you live in India or abroad, whether you’ve checked into a hospital as a patient or dropped in as a visitor, chances are you...Registered Nurse (RN) Becoming an LPN requires completing an accredited practical nursing certificate program, which is usually offered at community colleges and take about a year to complete. Students can expect to take courses in biology, pharmacology, and nursing while also receiving hands-on clinical experiences.Discover the best online RN-to-BSN programs and learn more about gaining the skills needed to advance in a variety of nursing jobs. Written by Doug Wintemute Contributing Writer Le...Employment of licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses is projected to grow 9% from 2020 to 2030, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). By contrast, employment of registered nurses will increase by 9% during the same time period. Registered nurses will be needed to serve, support and educate the aging population, those in ...Learning the difference between various nursing positions, such as a nurse practitioner vs. a licensed practical nurse (LPN), can provide useful direction to those who are planning their careers. ... (ADN or BSN), pass the NCLEX-RN exam, and become a licensed registered nurse. This involves classroom work and supervised clinical experience.When considering a career as a registered nurse, one of the most important factors to take into account is the starting salary. The starting salary for registered nurses can vary g... Updated RN-LPN FAQs 2022. 1. How do I know if a specific procedure or activity is within my scope of practice? The scope of practice for nurses can be found in Ohio Revised Code (ORC) Section 4723.01(B) for the Registered Nurse (RN), and 4723.01(F) for the Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN). To determine whether a procedure or activity is within an ... As you can see, the two roles have some critical differences. LPNs typically work directly with patients in hospitals or physicians’ offices, while NPs tend to work in clinics and other healthcare settings. LPNs are likely to perform tasks such as administering medications and changing bandages. NPs may assist with these tasks but also spend ... That works out to about $35.24 per hour. The demand for registered nurses is anticipated to increase at a faster-than-average rate of 7% between 2019 and 2029. On the other hand, the average annual wage for a licensed practical nurse is about $47,480, or $22.83 per hour. Demand for licensed practical nurses is anticipated to increase at a …Get to know NSCN. As the Nova Scotia College of Nursing (NSCN), we regulate LPNs, RNs and NPs in Nova Scotia on behalf of the public. In this role, we have an obligation to protect the public by overseeing the practice of approximately 16,000 nurses who are licensed to practise nursing in Nova Scotia. Our work helps Nova Scotians place their ...Oct 26, 2021 · An LPN is a licensed practical nurse. This is a professional license, issued by a regulatory board (like a state board of nursing). An RN is a registered nurse. This is a professional license, issued by a regulatory board (like a state board of nursing). A BSN is a Bachelor’s of Science in Nursing undergraduate degree. As you can see, the two roles have some critical differences. LPNs typically work directly with patients in hospitals or physicians’ offices, while NPs tend to work in clinics and other healthcare settings. LPNs are likely to perform tasks such as administering medications and changing bandages. NPs may assist with these tasks but also spend ... Each job has different responsibilities and duties. While it typically takes 1-2 years to become a Dental Assistant, becoming a Licensed Practical Nurse takes usually requires 1-2 years. Additionally, Licensed Practical Nurse has a higher average salary of $52,912, compared to Dental Assistant pays an average of $37,730 annually.Sep 6, 2023 ... LPNs, on the other hand, are responsible for providing patient care under the supervision of doctors and registered nurses in medical facilities ...If you are a registered nurse writing a personal biography, then consider who your audience is and include information about credentials and your current situation, including the r...Nursing practice takes place in the context of continuing change and development resulting from advances in research and technology, the introduction of new approaches to delivery of care, and a greater variety of practitioners sharing more areas of common ability. The. submit a request, call 1-800-525-0127.Jul 6, 2021 ... PN vs. RN: What's the Difference? ... In the healthcare field, doctors' offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, clinics, correctional ....